What is NAD+ and what does it do?

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in every cell. It is central to energy metabolism, carrying electrons in the reactions that generate ATP, and it serves as a required substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair (PARPs) and cellular signaling (sirtuins).

Why do NAD+ levels decline with age?

NAD+ levels fall with age through a mix of reduced synthesis and increased consumption by enzymes such as PARPs and CD38, which become more active as DNA damage and inflammation accumulate. Research associates this decline with reduced mitochondrial function and other age-related changes.

What is the difference between NMN and NR?

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside) are both NAD+ precursors that the body converts into NAD+. NR is converted into NMN and then into NAD+, while NMN sits one step closer in the pathway. Both are studied as oral supplements for raising NAD+, with ongoing research into their relative bioavailability.

Can you raise NAD+ levels naturally?

Several lifestyle factors are associated with NAD+ support in research, including regular exercise, a consistent circadian rhythm, time-restricted eating, and adequate niacin (vitamin B3) intake. These influence the enzymes that synthesize and consume NAD+ rather than supplying it directly.

Is NAD+ supplementation safe?

NAD+ precursors such as NMN and NR have shown good tolerability in short-term human studies, with mild and infrequent side effects. Long-term safety data remain limited, and these supplements are not approved to diagnose, treat, or prevent any disease. Discuss use with a qualified healthcare provider.

Does NAD+ reverse aging?

Not in the sense of reversing biological age in humans. Animal studies have shown that restoring NAD+ improves several markers associated with aging, but human evidence is early and mixed. NAD+ is best understood as supporting cellular processes that decline with age, not as a proven anti-aging treatment.

What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?

NAD+ and NADH are two forms of the same coenzyme. NAD+ is the oxidized form, which accepts electrons during metabolism, and NADH is the reduced form, which carries those electrons to the mitochondria to help generate ATP. The cell constantly cycles between the two, and the balance between them, often called the NAD+/NADH ratio, is an important signal of how efficiently energy metabolism is running.

Why can't you take NAD+ directly as a supplement?

NAD+ is a large, unstable molecule that is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth, so swallowing NAD+ itself does little to raise cellular levels. Supplements instead use precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and niacin, which the body absorbs and then converts into NAD+ through its own pathways. Research is still clarifying how much of each precursor reaches tissues.

What foods help support NAD+ levels?

No food contains meaningful amounts of NAD+ itself, but several supply the vitamin B3 precursors the body uses to make it, including poultry, fish, lean meats, mushrooms, peanuts, and whole grains. Small amounts of NMN occur naturally in foods like edamame, broccoli, cabbage, cucumber, and avocado. A balanced diet supports NAD+ production indirectly rather than delivering the coenzyme directly.

Is NAD+ the same as niacin?

No. Niacin, also called nicotinic acid, is a form of vitamin B3 and one of the raw materials the body uses to build NAD+. NAD+ is the active coenzyme that niacin and the other precursors are converted into through the body's own pathways. In simple terms, niacin is an ingredient and NAD+ is the finished product your cells actually use for energy and repair.

How long does it take for NAD+ supplements to work?

Blood NAD+ levels can begin rising within a few days to two weeks of consistent precursor use, since the body converts NR or NMN fairly quickly. Any noticeable change in energy or recovery tends to be gradual and varies widely from person to person. Most clinical studies run eight to twelve weeks, so consistency matters more than a fast result.

What is the best time of day to take NAD+ supplements?

Many people take NAD+ precursors in the morning, since the body's own NAD+ production follows a circadian rhythm that runs higher during the day, and earlier dosing may align better with that cycle. Some prefer to take them with food to ease digestion. The evidence for a single optimal time is limited, so taking them consistently each day matters more than the exact hour.

Does NAD+ help with weight loss?

NAD+ is not a weight-loss drug and should not be treated as one. Because it supports mitochondrial efficiency and cellular metabolism, researchers have studied whether restoring it improves metabolic health, and animal studies showed early promise. Human results for body weight have been modest at best. Any role it plays is supportive of diet and exercise, not a replacement for them.

Who should avoid NAD+ supplements?

People who are pregnant or breastfeeding, children, and anyone with an active or recent cancer should avoid NAD+ supplements unless a doctor specifically advises otherwise, since long-term and population-specific safety data are limited. Anyone taking medication for diabetes or blood pressure should check with a clinician first because of possible interactions. As with any supplement, discuss it with a qualified healthcare provider before starting.

NAD+: Benefits, Function & Supplementation Guide

If you no longer bounce back from a late night the way you once did, part of the reason may come down to a single molecule. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, almost always written as NAD+, sits at the center of how your cells make energy, repair their DNA, and respond to stress. Its levels fall steadily as you age, and that decline tracks closely with many of the changes people associate with getting older. This guide explains what NAD+ is, how it works, why it drops over time, and the evidence behind the lifestyle and supplement strategies used to support it.

What Is NAD+?

NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every living cell, which means it is a helper molecule that enzymes cannot function without. It takes part in hundreds of enzymatic reactions, most of them tied to converting food into usable energy. NAD+ exists in two interchangeable forms: NAD+, the oxidized form that accepts electrons, and NADH, the reduced form that carries them.

Chemically, that shift between accepting and donating electrons is a redox reaction, and the constant redox cycling between the two forms is what lets NAD+ shuttle electrons through the metabolic reactions that keep a cell alive. Without an adequate supply of this coenzyme, those reactions stall and cellular function suffers.

The Science of NAD+: How It Works

The clearest way to understand NAD+ is through its role in cellular metabolism, the full set of chemical reactions cells use to stay alive. Energy metabolism depends on moving electrons from the food you eat to the machinery that builds adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule cells spend to power almost everything they do. ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups; when a cell needs power, ATP releases a phosphate to become ADP, freeing that energy on demand.

NAD+ is the electron carrier that makes this possible. In its oxidized form it accepts electrons stripped from nutrients during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, becoming NADH in the process. NADH then delivers those electrons to the mitochondria, where the electron transport chain uses them to drive oxidative phosphorylation and generate the bulk of a cell's ATP. Once it hands off its cargo, NADH returns to the oxidized NAD+ state and the cycle repeats.

What matters for cellular health is not just the total amount of NAD+ but the balance between the two forms, often described as the NAD+/NADH ratio. A healthy ratio keeps electrons flowing smoothly through metabolism; when it shifts, energy production becomes less efficient. This redox role is the core mechanism of action behind nearly everything NAD+ does, so low NAD+ is one reason cellular energy tends to fall when the molecule runs short, and it helps explain why so many of the body's systems feel the effect at once.

Beyond Energy: NAD+'s Other Roles

Energy is only part of the story. Every day your DNA is damaged by normal metabolism, ultraviolet light, and environmental stress. A family of repair enzymes called PARPs fixes much of that damage, and they consume NAD+ to do it. When NAD+ is scarce, repair slows, which may accelerate aging and raise disease risk, and it leaves cells leaning harder on the antioxidant defenses that hold oxidative stress in check.

NAD+ also fuels the sirtuins (SIRT1 through SIRT7), a group of proteins often described as longevity regulators. Sirtuins influence gene expression, epigenetics, inflammation, and stress resistance, drawing on the same genetics that govern how cells age, and they only work when NAD+ is available. This is why NAD+ appears so often in longevity research. It is not the only pathway drawing that attention, though. Another is the injectable Klotho peptide, which targets a different mechanism and is studied for its role in cognition, muscle preservation, and metabolic health as alpha-Klotho levels decline with age.

Beyond repair and longevity signaling, NAD+ helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, supports immune responses, maintains calcium balance inside cells, and contributes to healthy muscle and nerve function. It also intersects with inflammation: immune cells draw heavily on NAD+ when activated, and chronic inflammation is one of the faster ways the body depletes its supply. That two-way relationship, where NAD+ both fuels immune activity and gets consumed by it, is part of why inflammation and NAD+ decline tend to move together as people age.

How the Body Makes NAD+

As a biomolecule, NAD+ is built and rebuilt inside cells rather than absorbed whole from food. One route, the de novo pathway, constructs it from the amino acid tryptophan through a multi-step sequence, which is part of why protein-rich foods contribute to NAD+ status indirectly. A second route uses nicotinic acid (niacin), and a third, the salvage pathway, recycles nicotinamide and related building blocks back into fresh coenzyme. The underlying biochemistry of these routes converges on the same end product, so the body can draw on whichever inputs are available.

A single enzyme called NAMPT sits at the rate-limiting step of the salvage pathway, which is why its decline with age has such an outsized effect on NAD+ supply. The history here runs deep: the biochemist Conrad Elvehjem identified nicotinamide as the factor that resolved pellagra in the 1930s, work that first tied vitamin B3 to what we now understand as NAD+ metabolism. Modern precursors extend that lineage; nicotinamide riboside, for example, is a nucleoside analogue the body feeds directly into the salvage route.

Once formed, NAD+ does its work through catalysis. Rather than being burned like a fuel, it serves as a coenzyme that enzymes use to catalyze electron transfer, lending and reclaiming electrons as hydrogen-bearing NADH cycles back to NAD+.

Why NAD+ Declines With Age

By middle age, NAD+ levels are roughly half what they were in youth. Three forces drive that drop:

Demand rises: aging cells accumulate more damage and more chronic inflammation, both of which burn through NAD+ faster than it can be replaced.
Production falls: NAMPT, a key enzyme in NAD+ synthesis, becomes less efficient over time.
Destruction increases: CD38, an enzyme that breaks NAD+ down, grows more active with age and speeds the depletion. The result is a widening gap between how much NAD+ a cell needs and how much it can keep on hand.

The decline is not uniform across the body. Some tissues show especially steep losses; in skin, for instance, NAD+ in skin cells falls sharply from youth into middle age, which is part of why the molecule has drawn interest in research on visible aging as well as internal health.

The Lifetime of NAD+ in the Body

NAD+ is not a stable reserve that sits in storage. It is consumed and rebuilt continuously, often turning over within hours. The body keeps a steady supply mainly through the salvage pathway, which recycles the breakdown products of used NAD+ back into fresh coenzyme rather than building each molecule from scratch. This recycling is efficient in youth but becomes less so with age, which compounds the decline described above. Understanding NAD+ as a fast-cycling, constantly replenished molecule, rather than a fixed tank, explains why both production and recycling matter for maintaining healthy levels.

What the Research Shows: Potential Benefits

Research on NAD+ has expanded quickly, and several areas of potential health benefit stand out, most of them centered on slowing the cellular wear that shortens healthspan and, in animal studies, sometimes life expectancy. The tissues that feel a shortfall first tend to be the energy-hungry ones, including the brain, heart, liver, and kidney. As with most of this research, the strongest data come from animal models and early human studies, so the findings below describe directions of investigation rather than proven treatments or cures for any disease.

Brain and Cognitive Health

The brain is one of the most energy-hungry organs, which may make it especially sensitive to NAD+ availability. NAD+ supports ATP production in neurons and activates sirtuins that aid DNA repair and cellular resilience. Neurons are also poorly equipped to replace themselves, so the efficiency of their repair and energy systems carries extra weight over a lifetime. Neuroscience research is examining how NAD+ influences neurotransmitter signaling, neural pathway maintenance, and synaptic function, and whether supporting it slows the slide toward dementia. The broader question is whether maintaining NAD+ can preserve memory, focus, and overall cognition, and offer some neuroprotection against age-related decline, including conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, where impaired mitochondrial function is a recurring theme.

Liver Health

The liver carries an unusually heavy metabolic load, processing nutrients, neutralizing toxins, and managing lipids, and it relies on NAD+ across hundreds of those reactions. Aging, poor diet, and alcohol can all deplete NAD+ in liver tissue, and when levels fall the organ's capacity to repair itself and oxidize fatty acids can suffer. Research links healthy NAD+ levels to better metabolic regulation in the liver and has examined NAD+ support in the context of conditions such as fatty liver, where impaired fat handling and energy metabolism are central problems.

Metabolic Health

Because NAD+ sits at the heart of cellular metabolism, researchers have studied whether restoring it can improve energy efficiency and reduce the inflammation tied to metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The reasoning is that better-functioning mitochondria handle glucose and fat more cleanly, easing the insulin resistance that drives metabolic disease and supporting the homeostasis that keeps blood sugar and body weight stable. This overlap is why NAD+ also appears in weight loss research, though the measured efficacy in humans has been more modest than the early animal data suggested.

Cardiovascular Health and Physical Performance

NAD+ appears to support healthy blood vessel function, and some research in older adults has reported improved vascular measures with NAD+ support. Athletes have taken interest as well, since NAD+ underpins the mitochondrial efficiency that affects endurance and recovery, and trained older individuals tend to hold NAD+ levels closer to those of younger people.

Maintaining that efficiency may also matter for sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that strongly shapes mobility and life expectancy in later years. Mitochondrial health connects to other systems too. The interplay between mitochondrial function and hormones is one example, covered in our guide to testosterone and mitochondria.

NAD+ and Chronic Fatigue

Persistent tiredness that does not lift with rest has many causes, but cellular energy production is a logical place to look. When NAD+ is low, the reactions that turn nutrients into ATP run less efficiently, and cells may struggle to meet ordinary demands.

That shortfall can show up as the sluggishness and depleted stamina associated with chronic fatigue. Some research is examining whether supporting NAD+ levels helps the body recover energy capacity, though ongoing fatigue still warrants a medical evaluation to rule out other causes.

Natural Ways to Support NAD+

Before considering supplements, several everyday habits influence NAD+ status.

Exercise is among the most reliable levers. High-intensity interval training and resistance work have been shown to raise NAD+ naturally, in part by increasing NAMPT, the enzyme central to NAD+ production.

Strategic fasting helps as well. Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating appear to enhance NAD+ recycling and activate sirtuins; studies suggest fasting windows in the range of 12 to 16 hours support NAD+ metabolism.

Diet plays a supporting role. A ketogenic approach may indirectly preserve NAD+, since the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate appears to inhibit CD38, the enzyme that degrades it. Sleep and circadian rhythm matter as well. NAD+ production follows a daily cycle, so consistent sleep and meal timing help the enzymes that synthesize and consume it stay in sync, while adequate vitamin B3 intake supplies the raw material those enzymes depend on.

Heat exposure is another lever worth knowing. Sauna sessions activate heat shock pathways that overlap with the systems supporting mitochondrial function, which is why our sauna therapy biohacking guide covers how to combine heat exposure with an energy-focused routine.

The Supplement Landscape: Precursors and Boosters

You cannot take NAD+ directly with much success, so most supplementation targets its precursors, the compounds the body converts into NAD+.

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is the most studied precursor in humans, with clinical trials showing it can raise NAD+ safely; research commonly uses doses around 250 to 500 mg daily.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) sits one step closer to NAD+ in the pathway. It has less human data than NR but has been studied for vascular and metabolic effects, and interest in it remains high.

Nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3) is an older and less expensive precursor, long prescribed at high doses for its effect on cholesterol. The body converts it into NAD+, though higher doses can cause uncomfortable flushing. Nicotinamide, another form of B3, contributes as well without that flushing.

Some compounds work by protecting NAD+ rather than supplying it. Quercetin and apigenin, found in foods like onions and chamomile, may inhibit CD38 and help preserve the NAD+ a cell already has.

Bioavailability is the open question that separates these precursors. NR and NMN are absorbed and converted through different routes, and researchers are still mapping how much of an oral dose actually reaches tissues and raises NAD+ where it is needed. This is one reason dosing recommendations for any NAD+ dietary supplement vary, and why pairing a precursor with lifestyle measures, rather than relying on a pill alone, is the more grounded approach.

Beyond oral precursors, some clinics offer intravenous NAD+ therapy, which delivers the coenzyme directly into the bloodstream through an IV drip or injection. Intravenous therapy is marketed for energy and recovery, and a handful of small clinical trials have tested injectable and IV delivery, but the supporting research is thin, the sessions are long, and the cost is far higher than oral supplements. For most people the evidence does not yet justify it over a precursor and solid lifestyle habits.

Supplement quality varies widely because the category is loosely regulated, so quality assurance and third-party testing matter when choosing a product. For readers who also explore research peptides alongside longevity supplements, our research peptide vendor directory tracks which vendors publish third-party testing and keeps verified discount codes current.

Risks and Safety Considerations

Human trials of NAD+ precursors have generally found them well tolerated, with mild effects such as niacin flushing being the most common complaint. Still, a few considerations deserve attention.

The most discussed is the cancer question. Because cancer cells also use NAD+ for energy and DNA repair, some animal studies have raised the theoretical concern that boosting NAD+ could accelerate carcinogenesis or feed existing tumors; one mouse study reported faster melanoma growth with NR supplementation in animals that already had tumors. No human study has shown that NAD+ precursors cause cancer, and for healthy people the theoretical risk appears low, but researchers advise caution for anyone with a current or past malignancy.

Researchers differ on how much weight to give that concern. David Sinclair, a Harvard aging researcher, has argued that NAD+ precursors are likely safe for healthy people and that the cellular benefits outweigh the theoretical risk. Charles Brenner, who helped characterize nicotinamide riboside, makes a similar case for healthy individuals but advises real caution for anyone with an active or recent cancer. The honest summary is that the human safety record so far is reassuring and the cancer concern remains theoretical, but the long-term data are not yet in.

Other practical points matter too. NAD+ supplements can interact with medications for conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, so anyone on those treatments should consult a clinician first. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, children, and people with chronic conditions should avoid supplementation unless a doctor advises otherwise. And because purity and dosing accuracy vary across brands, choosing products with third-party testing reduces the risk of contaminants or mislabeled amounts.

Matching Your Approach to Your Age

NAD+ strategy can shift across the lifespan. Younger adults usually get the most from foundational habits like regular exercise, good sleep, and stress management, with supplementation optional. Through middle age, as decline sets in, many people add a moderate precursor dose and a CD38-sparing compound like quercetin. In old age, the focus of much geriatrics research, people often layer consistent fasting and exercise with higher precursor doses while prioritizing safety and medical guidance. In every case, lifestyle remains the foundation rather than an afterthought.

The Bottom Line

NAD+ is one of the most compelling targets in aging research, grounded in its central role in energy production, DNA repair, and cellular maintenance, and it has drawn growing interest in regenerative medicine and geroscience circles.

The science is real, but it is also early, and NAD+ is not a magic bullet. The most sensible approach pairs the fundamentals of healthy aging, exercise, sleep, nutrition, and stress management, with careful, moderate supplementation when it fits your situation. Supporting your NAD+ levels may be one of the more meaningful long-term investments you can make in how you feel and function, as long as you keep expectations realistic and work with a healthcare provider.

What is NAD+ and what does it do?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in every cell. It is central to energy metabolism, carrying electrons in the reactions that generate ATP, and it serves as a required substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair (PARPs) and cellular signaling (sirtuins).
Why do NAD+ levels decline with age?
NAD+ levels fall with age through a mix of reduced synthesis and increased consumption by enzymes such as PARPs and CD38, which become more active as DNA damage and inflammation accumulate. Research associates this decline with reduced mitochondrial function and other age-related changes.
What is the difference between NMN and NR?
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside) are both NAD+ precursors that the body converts into NAD+. NR is converted into NMN and then into NAD+, while NMN sits one step closer in the pathway. Both are studied as oral supplements for raising NAD+, with ongoing research into their relative bioavailability.
Can you raise NAD+ levels naturally?
Several lifestyle factors are associated with NAD+ support in research, including regular exercise, a consistent circadian rhythm, time-restricted eating, and adequate niacin (vitamin B3) intake. These influence the enzymes that synthesize and consume NAD+ rather than supplying it directly.
Is NAD+ supplementation safe?
NAD+ precursors such as NMN and NR have shown good tolerability in short-term human studies, with mild and infrequent side effects. Long-term safety data remain limited, and these supplements are not approved to diagnose, treat, or prevent any disease. Discuss use with a qualified healthcare provider.
Does NAD+ reverse aging?
Not in the sense of reversing biological age in humans. Animal studies have shown that restoring NAD+ improves several markers associated with aging, but human evidence is early and mixed. NAD+ is best understood as supporting cellular processes that decline with age, not as a proven anti-aging treatment.
What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?
NAD+ and NADH are two forms of the same coenzyme. NAD+ is the oxidized form, which accepts electrons during metabolism, and NADH is the reduced form, which carries those electrons to the mitochondria to help generate ATP. The cell constantly cycles between the two, and the balance between them, often called the NAD+/NADH ratio, is an important signal of how efficiently energy metabolism is running.
Why can't you take NAD+ directly as a supplement?
NAD+ is a large, unstable molecule that is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth, so swallowing NAD+ itself does little to raise cellular levels. Supplements instead use precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and niacin, which the body absorbs and then converts into NAD+ through its own pathways. Research is still clarifying how much of each precursor reaches tissues.
What foods help support NAD+ levels?
No food contains meaningful amounts of NAD+ itself, but several supply the vitamin B3 precursors the body uses to make it, including poultry, fish, lean meats, mushrooms, peanuts, and whole grains. Small amounts of NMN occur naturally in foods like edamame, broccoli, cabbage, cucumber, and avocado. A balanced diet supports NAD+ production indirectly rather than delivering the coenzyme directly.
Is NAD+ the same as niacin?
No. Niacin, also called nicotinic acid, is a form of vitamin B3 and one of the raw materials the body uses to build NAD+. NAD+ is the active coenzyme that niacin and the other precursors are converted into through the body's own pathways. In simple terms, niacin is an ingredient and NAD+ is the finished product your cells actually use for energy and repair.
How long does it take for NAD+ supplements to work?

Blood NAD+ levels can begin rising within a few days to two weeks of consistent precursor use, since the body converts NR or NMN fairly quickly. Any noticeable change in energy or recovery tends to be gradual and varies widely from person to person. Most clinical studies run eight to twelve weeks, so consistency matters more than a fast result.
What is the best time of day to take NAD+ supplements?
Many people take NAD+ precursors in the morning, since the body's own NAD+ production follows a circadian rhythm that runs higher during the day, and earlier dosing may align better with that cycle. Some prefer to take them with food to ease digestion. The evidence for a single optimal time is limited, so taking them consistently each day matters more than the exact hour.
Does NAD+ help with weight loss?
NAD+ is not a weight-loss drug and should not be treated as one. Because it supports mitochondrial efficiency and cellular metabolism, researchers have studied whether restoring it improves metabolic health, and animal studies showed early promise. Human results for body weight have been modest at best. Any role it plays is supportive of diet and exercise, not a replacement for them.
Who should avoid NAD+ supplements?
People who are pregnant or breastfeeding, children, and anyone with an active or recent cancer should avoid NAD+ supplements unless a doctor specifically advises otherwise, since long-term and population-specific safety data are limited. Anyone taking medication for diabetes or blood pressure should check with a clinician first because of possible interactions. As with any supplement, discuss it with a qualified healthcare provider before starting.

References

Verdin E. NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-1213.
Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nature Metabolism. 2020;2(1):9-31.
Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai S. NAD+ intermediates: the biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(3):513-528.
Camacho-Pereira J, Tarrago MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism. Cell Metabolism. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006
McReynolds MR, Chellappa K, Baur JA. Age-related NAD+ decline. Experimental Gerontology. 2020;134:110888.
Canto C, Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, et al. The NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Metabolism. 2012;15(6):838-847.
Zhang H, Ryu D, Wu Y, et al. NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. Science. 2016;352(6292):1436-1443.
Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9985
Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nature Communications. 2018;9:1286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7
A bioluminescent-based probe for in vivo non-invasive monitoring of nicotinamide riboside uptake reveals a link between metastasis and NAD+ metabolism. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2022. (University of Missouri; Goun laboratory)

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Important Disclaimer: The content on Project Biohacking is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health regimen, starting new supplements, peptides, or protocols. Nothing on this site establishes a doctor–patient relationship, and you use the information at your own risk. Research compounds discussed here are sold for laboratory research purposes only and are not approved for human or veterinary use or consumption.

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide): Benefits, Function & Supplementation Guide

Why Your Energy Declines with Age and What You Can Do About It